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詩(shī)話
Criticism on Poetry/Shihua (Story-telling with Song and Speech)
主要含義有二：其一，指評(píng)論詩(shī)人、詩(shī)作、詩(shī)派及記載詩(shī)人逸事及相關(guān)的著作，是中國(guó)古代詩(shī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)的一個(gè)組成部分。詩(shī)話肇始于南朝梁代鐘嶸（？—518？）的《詩(shī)品》，第一部完整意義上的詩(shī)話是北宋歐陽(yáng)修（1007—1072）的《六一詩(shī)話》，南宋嚴(yán)羽（？—1264）的《滄浪詩(shī)話》是宋代最負(fù)盛名、對(duì)后世影響最大的詩(shī)話。此后，詩(shī)話成為評(píng)論詩(shī)作、發(fā)表詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作理論的主要著作形式，明、清兩代詩(shī)話作品數(shù)量巨大，其中以清代王夫之（1619—1692）的《姜齋詩(shī)話》和袁枚（1716—1798）的《隨園詩(shī)話》成就最大。明清時(shí)期還刊行了《歷代詩(shī)話》《歷代詩(shī)話續(xù)編》《清詩(shī)話》等，輯集了歷代重要的詩(shī)話著作。詩(shī)話的一般特點(diǎn)是，不追求系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)密的理論體系，主要以評(píng)論者的細(xì)膩感悟?yàn)樘厣匀舾啥叹錇橐粍t，對(duì)詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作中的具體問(wèn)題或某些藝術(shù)規(guī)律提出自己的感受和意見(jiàn)。詩(shī)話具有較強(qiáng)的文學(xué)性和文學(xué)欣賞價(jià)值。中國(guó)詩(shī)話以其鮮明的文化特色，有別于西方思辨式的文學(xué)理論體系建構(gòu)和科學(xué)嚴(yán)密的語(yǔ)言表述。其二，指中國(guó)古代的一種說(shuō)唱藝術(shù)。有說(shuō)有唱，韻文、散文并用，韻文多為七言詩(shī)贊，用于唱；散文即“話”，用于說(shuō)。現(xiàn)存最早的作品是宋元時(shí)期刊印的《大唐三藏取經(jīng)詩(shī)話》。
This term has a two-fold meaning. First, it refers to any work that contains critiques or commentaries on poets, poems, schools of poetry, anecdotes about poets, and textual research. This type of work is a constituent part of scholarly inquiry into classical Chinese poetry. The tradition of offering commentaries on poetry had its origin in The Critique of Poetry by Zhong Rong (?-518?) of the Liang Period of the Southern Dynasties. The first somewhat complete commentary on poetry and poets was Ouyang Xiu's Criticism of Poetry, by Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty's most renowned work of poetry commentary, which also had the greatest influence on scholars of later generations, was Canglang's Criticism of Poetry by Yan Yu (?-1264) of the Southern Song Dynasty. After that, notes of this kind became a principal medium through which to offer commentaries on poetry and propose theories of poetry composition. The Ming and Qing dynasties boasted the largest number of works of poetry commentary. The best of such works were Desultory Remarks on Poetry from Ginger Studio by Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692) and Suiyuan Remarks on Poetry by Yuan Mei (1716-1798), both from the Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing periods, Commentaries on Poetry from Past Dynasties, A Sequel to Commentaries on Poetry from Past Dynasties and Qing Dynasty Commentaries on Poetry were also published, all of which contain important works of poetry critiquing of all dynasties. Commentaries/critiques on poetry essentially shun a comprehensive and elaborate theoretical system and focus instead on articulating the critic's personal, nuanced appreciation and evaluation of poetry. Each of them contains only a few terse remarks, airing views on finer points in poetic composition and revealing personal feelings and thoughts on rules governing artistic creation. Commentaries on poetry are themselves highly literary and deserve to be appreciated from that perspective. Such commentaries on poetry, with their distinctly Chinese cultural features, distinguish themselves from Western scholars' obsession with systematic construction of literary theories and strictly scientific modes of expression.
Second, the term Shihua may also refer to a kind of age-old art of theatrical performance that intersperse singing with narrative, and verse with prose. Rhymed verse, which normally consists of seven characters to a line, is employed for singing. Prose, on the other hand, is used as in vernacular speech. The earliest extant work of this kind is Tales of Xuanzang's Journey to the West compiled and published during the Song and Yuan periods.
引例 Citations：
◎詩(shī)話者，辨句法，備古今，紀(jì)盛德，錄異事，正訛誤也。（許顗《彥周詩(shī)話》，見(jiàn)何文煥輯《歷代詩(shī)話》）
詩(shī)話的作用是為了辨析詩(shī)歌文法，細(xì)述古今流變，記載朝廷盛德，實(shí)錄奇聞逸事，辨正創(chuàng)作訛誤。
Commentaries on poetry serve to expound rules guiding the composition of poetry, detail the evolution of poetry from past to present, note the imperial court's meritorious deeds, record anecdotes and hearsay, as well as to rectify malpractices in poetic composition. (Xu Yi: Yanzhou's Commentaries on Poetry)
◎詩(shī)話之源，本于鐘嶸《詩(shī)品》。（章學(xué)誠(chéng)《文史通義·詩(shī)話》）
詩(shī)話的源頭，來(lái)自鐘嶸的《詩(shī)品》。
The tradition of offering commentaries on poetry is traced back to Zhong Rong's The Critique of Poetry. (Zhang Xuecheng: General Principles of History)
推薦：教育部 國(guó)家語(yǔ)委
供稿：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué) 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社
責(zé)任編輯：錢耐安
